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diff --git a/src/frontend/parser.y b/src/frontend/parser.y
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+/* Source code for RCC-Legacy.
+   Copyright (C) 2026 Richard Qin
+
+This file is part of RCC.
+
+RCC is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under
+the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free
+Software Foundation; either version 3, or (at your option) any later
+version.
+
+RCC is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY
+WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or
+FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU General Public License
+for more details.
+
+You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+along with RCC; see the file LICENSE.  If not see
+<http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.  */
+%{
+/* parser.y - SysY2022 Parser */
+#include "rcc/ast.h"
+
+#include <cstdio>
+#include <cstdlib>
+#include <memory>
+#include <string>
+#include <vector>
+
+using namespace rcc;
+
+// Global AST root node
+extern CompUnitNode* g_ast_root;
+
+extern int yylex();
+extern int yylineno_val;
+void yyerror(const char* msg);
+extern FILE* yyin;
+%}
+
+/* ─── Bison Configuration ─── */
+%locations
+%define parse.error verbose
+
+/* ─── Value Types ─── */
+%union {
+    int32_t       int_val;
+    float         float_val;
+    char*         str_val;
+    rcc::ASTNode*      node;
+    rcc::ASTList*      node_list;
+    rcc::BType         btype;
+}
+
+/* ─── Terminals ─── */
+%token <int_val>    INT_CONST
+%token <float_val>  FLOAT_CONST
+%token <str_val>    IDENT STRING_CONST
+
+%token T_INT T_FLOAT T_VOID T_CONST
+%token T_IF T_ELSE T_WHILE T_BREAK T_CONTINUE T_RETURN
+%token T_AND T_OR T_LE T_GE T_EQ T_NE
+
+/* ─── Non-terminal Types ─── */
+%type <node>  CompUnit
+%type <node>  GlobalItem FuncDef_Void
+%type <node>  FuncFParam
+%type <node>  Block BlockItem Stmt
+%type <node>  Decl ConstDecl VarDecl ConstDef VarDef
+%type <node>  InitVal ConstInitVal
+%type <node>  Exp Cond LVal PrimaryExp UnaryExp Number
+%type <node>  MulExp AddExp RelExp EqExp LAndExp LOrExp ConstExp
+%type <node_list> ConstDefList VarDefList
+%type <node_list> FuncFParams FuncRParams
+%type <node_list> BlockItemList
+%type <node_list> ArrayDims ArrayIndices
+%type <node_list> InitValList ConstInitValList
+%type <btype> BType
+
+/* ─── Resolve dangling else ─── */
+%nonassoc LOWER_THAN_ELSE
+%nonassoc T_ELSE
+
+/* ─── Start Symbol ─── */
+%start CompUnit
+
+%%
+
+/* Compilation Unit */
+
+CompUnit
+    : CompUnit GlobalItem {
+        auto* unit = static_cast<CompUnitNode*>($1);
+        unit->decls_and_funcs.push_back(ASTPtr($2));
+        $$ = unit;
+    }
+    | CompUnit ConstDecl {
+        auto* unit = static_cast<CompUnitNode*>($1);
+        unit->decls_and_funcs.push_back(ASTPtr($2));
+        $$ = unit;
+    }
+    | CompUnit FuncDef_Void {
+        auto* unit = static_cast<CompUnitNode*>($1);
+        unit->decls_and_funcs.push_back(ASTPtr($2));
+        $$ = unit;
+    }
+    | GlobalItem {
+        auto* unit = new CompUnitNode();
+        unit->decls_and_funcs.push_back(ASTPtr($1));
+        $$ = unit;
+        g_ast_root = unit;
+    }
+    | ConstDecl {
+        auto* unit = new CompUnitNode();
+        unit->decls_and_funcs.push_back(ASTPtr($1));
+        $$ = unit;
+        g_ast_root = unit;
+    }
+    | FuncDef_Void {
+        auto* unit = new CompUnitNode();
+        unit->decls_and_funcs.push_back(ASTPtr($1));
+        $$ = unit;
+        g_ast_root = unit;
+    }
+    ;
+
+/* GlobalItem */
+GlobalItem
+    : BType IDENT '(' ')' Block {
+        /* FuncDef: int/float foo() { ... } */
+        auto* func = new FuncDefNode();
+        func->ret_type = $1;
+        func->name = $2; free($2);
+        func->body = ASTPtr($5);
+        func->lineno = @1.first_line;
+        $$ = func;
+    }
+    | BType IDENT '(' FuncFParams ')' Block {
+        /* FuncDef: int/float foo(params) { ... } */
+        auto* func = new FuncDefNode();
+        func->ret_type = $1;
+        func->name = $2; free($2);
+        func->params = std::move(*$4); delete $4;
+        func->body = ASTPtr($6);
+        func->lineno = @1.first_line;
+        $$ = func;
+    }
+    | BType IDENT ArrayDims ';' {
+        /* VarDecl: int x; / int x[10]; */
+        auto* decl = new VarDeclNode();
+        decl->is_const = false;
+        decl->btype = $1;
+        auto* def = new VarDefNode();
+        def->name = $2; free($2);
+        def->dims = std::move(*$3); delete $3;
+        def->lineno = @2.first_line;
+        decl->defs.push_back(ASTPtr(def));
+        $$ = decl;
+    }
+    | BType IDENT ArrayDims '=' InitVal ';' {
+        /* VarDecl: int x = 5; / int x[10] = {1,2}; */
+        auto* decl = new VarDeclNode();
+        decl->is_const = false;
+        decl->btype = $1;
+        auto* def = new VarDefNode();
+        def->name = $2; free($2);
+        def->dims = std::move(*$3); delete $3;
+        def->init_val = ASTPtr($5);
+        def->lineno = @2.first_line;
+        decl->defs.push_back(ASTPtr(def));
+        $$ = decl;
+    }
+    | BType IDENT ArrayDims ',' VarDefList ';' {
+        /* VarDecl: int x, y, z; */
+        auto* decl = new VarDeclNode();
+        decl->is_const = false;
+        decl->btype = $1;
+        auto* def = new VarDefNode();
+        def->name = $2; free($2);
+        def->dims = std::move(*$3); delete $3;
+        def->lineno = @2.first_line;
+        decl->defs.push_back(ASTPtr(def));
+        for (auto& d : *$5) decl->defs.push_back(std::move(d));
+        delete $5;
+        $$ = decl;
+    }
+    | BType IDENT ArrayDims '=' InitVal ',' VarDefList ';' {
+        /* VarDecl: int x = 1, y, z; */
+        auto* decl = new VarDeclNode();
+        decl->is_const = false;
+        decl->btype = $1;
+        auto* def = new VarDefNode();
+        def->name = $2; free($2);
+        def->dims = std::move(*$3); delete $3;
+        def->init_val = ASTPtr($5);
+        def->lineno = @2.first_line;
+        decl->defs.push_back(ASTPtr(def));
+        for (auto& d : *$7) decl->defs.push_back(std::move(d));
+        delete $7;
+        $$ = decl;
+    }
+    ;
+
+/* void functions */
+FuncDef_Void
+    : T_VOID IDENT '(' ')' Block {
+        auto* func = new FuncDefNode();
+        func->ret_type = BType::Void;
+        func->name = $2; free($2);
+        func->body = ASTPtr($5);
+        func->lineno = @1.first_line;
+        $$ = func;
+    }
+    | T_VOID IDENT '(' FuncFParams ')' Block {
+        auto* func = new FuncDefNode();
+        func->ret_type = BType::Void;
+        func->name = $2; free($2);
+        func->params = std::move(*$4); delete $4;
+        func->body = ASTPtr($6);
+        func->lineno = @1.first_line;
+        $$ = func;
+    }
+    ;
+
+/* Types */
+
+BType : T_INT   { $$ = BType::Int; }
+      | T_FLOAT { $$ = BType::Float; }
+      ;
+
+/* Declarations */
+
+/* Decl */
+Decl : ConstDecl { $$ = $1; }
+     | VarDecl   { $$ = $1; }
+     ;
+
+ConstDecl
+    : T_CONST BType ConstDefList ';' {
+        auto* decl = new VarDeclNode();
+        decl->is_const = true;
+        decl->btype = $2;
+        decl->defs = std::move(*$3);
+        delete $3;
+        $$ = decl;
+    }
+    ;
+
+ConstDefList
+    : ConstDef {
+        $$ = new ASTList();
+        $$->push_back(ASTPtr($1));
+    }
+    | ConstDefList ',' ConstDef {
+        $1->push_back(ASTPtr($3));
+        $$ = $1;
+    }
+    ;
+
+ConstDef
+    : IDENT ArrayDims '=' ConstInitVal {
+        auto* def = new VarDefNode();
+        def->name = $1; free($1);
+        def->dims = std::move(*$2); delete $2;
+        def->init_val = ASTPtr($4);
+        def->lineno = @1.first_line;
+        $$ = def;
+    }
+    ;
+
+ConstInitVal
+    : ConstExp { $$ = $1; }
+    | '{' '}' {
+        $$ = new InitListNode();
+    }
+    | '{' ConstInitValList '}' {
+        auto* list = new InitListNode();
+        list->items = std::move(*$2); delete $2;
+        $$ = list;
+    }
+    ;
+
+ConstInitValList
+    : ConstInitVal {
+        $$ = new ASTList();
+        $$->push_back(ASTPtr($1));
+    }
+    | ConstInitValList ',' ConstInitVal {
+        $1->push_back(ASTPtr($3));
+        $$ = $1;
+    }
+    ;
+
+/* Local VarDecl */
+VarDecl
+    : BType VarDefList ';' {
+        auto* decl = new VarDeclNode();
+        decl->is_const = false;
+        decl->btype = $1;
+        decl->defs = std::move(*$2);
+        delete $2;
+        $$ = decl;
+    }
+    ;
+
+VarDefList
+    : VarDef {
+        $$ = new ASTList();
+        $$->push_back(ASTPtr($1));
+    }
+    | VarDefList ',' VarDef {
+        $1->push_back(ASTPtr($3));
+        $$ = $1;
+    }
+    ;
+
+VarDef
+    : IDENT ArrayDims {
+        auto* def = new VarDefNode();
+        def->name = $1; free($1);
+        def->dims = std::move(*$2); delete $2;
+        def->lineno = @1.first_line;
+        $$ = def;
+    }
+    | IDENT ArrayDims '=' InitVal {
+        auto* def = new VarDefNode();
+        def->name = $1; free($1);
+        def->dims = std::move(*$2); delete $2;
+        def->init_val = ASTPtr($4);
+        def->lineno = @1.first_line;
+        $$ = def;
+    }
+    ;
+
+InitVal
+    : Exp { $$ = $1; }
+    | '{' '}' {
+        $$ = new InitListNode();
+    }
+    | '{' InitValList '}' {
+        auto* list = new InitListNode();
+        list->items = std::move(*$2); delete $2;
+        $$ = list;
+    }
+    ;
+
+InitValList
+    : InitVal {
+        $$ = new ASTList();
+        $$->push_back(ASTPtr($1));
+    }
+    | InitValList ',' InitVal {
+        $1->push_back(ASTPtr($3));
+        $$ = $1;
+    }
+    ;
+
+/* Array Dimensions */
+ArrayDims
+    : /* empty */ { $$ = new ASTList(); }
+    | ArrayDims '[' ConstExp ']' {
+        $1->push_back(ASTPtr($3));
+        $$ = $1;
+    }
+    ;
+
+/* Function Parameters */
+
+FuncFParams
+    : FuncFParam {
+        $$ = new ASTList();
+        $$->push_back(ASTPtr($1));
+    }
+    | FuncFParams ',' FuncFParam {
+        $1->push_back(ASTPtr($3));
+        $$ = $1;
+    }
+    ;
+
+FuncFParam
+    : BType IDENT {
+        auto* p = new FuncFParamNode();
+        p->btype = $1;
+        p->name = $2; free($2);
+        p->lineno = @1.first_line;
+        $$ = p;
+    }
+    | BType IDENT '[' ']' ArrayDims {
+        /* Array parameter */
+        auto* p = new FuncFParamNode();
+        p->btype = $1;
+        p->name = $2; free($2);
+        p->is_array = true;
+        p->dims = std::move(*$5); delete $5;
+        p->lineno = @1.first_line;
+        $$ = p;
+    }
+    ;
+
+/* Blocks and Statements */
+
+Block
+    : '{' BlockItemList '}' {
+        auto* block = new BlockNode();
+        block->items = std::move(*$2); delete $2;
+        $$ = block;
+    }
+    ;
+
+BlockItemList
+    : /* empty */ { $$ = new ASTList(); }
+    | BlockItemList BlockItem {
+        $1->push_back(ASTPtr($2));
+        $$ = $1;
+    }
+    ;
+
+BlockItem
+    : Decl { $$ = $1; }
+    | Stmt { $$ = $1; }
+    ;
+
+Stmt
+    : LVal '=' Exp ';' {
+        auto* s = new AssignStmtNode();
+        s->lval = ASTPtr($1);
+        s->expr = ASTPtr($3);
+        s->lineno = @1.first_line;
+        $$ = s;
+    }
+    | Exp ';' {
+        auto* s = new ExprStmtNode();
+        s->expr = ASTPtr($1);
+        $$ = s;
+    }
+    | ';' {
+        $$ = new ExprStmtNode();
+    }
+    | Block { $$ = $1; }
+    | T_IF '(' Cond ')' Stmt %prec LOWER_THAN_ELSE {
+        auto* s = new IfStmtNode();
+        s->cond = ASTPtr($3);
+        s->then_stmt = ASTPtr($5);
+        s->lineno = @1.first_line;
+        $$ = s;
+    }
+    | T_IF '(' Cond ')' Stmt T_ELSE Stmt {
+        auto* s = new IfStmtNode();
+        s->cond = ASTPtr($3);
+        s->then_stmt = ASTPtr($5);
+        s->else_stmt = ASTPtr($7);
+        s->lineno = @1.first_line;
+        $$ = s;
+    }
+    | T_WHILE '(' Cond ')' Stmt {
+        auto* s = new WhileStmtNode();
+        s->cond = ASTPtr($3);
+        s->body = ASTPtr($5);
+        s->lineno = @1.first_line;
+        $$ = s;
+    }
+    | T_BREAK ';' {
+        $$ = new BreakStmtNode();
+        $$->lineno = @1.first_line;
+    }
+    | T_CONTINUE ';' {
+        $$ = new ContinueStmtNode();
+        $$->lineno = @1.first_line;
+    }
+    | T_RETURN ';' {
+        $$ = new ReturnStmtNode();
+        $$->lineno = @1.first_line;
+    }
+    | T_RETURN Exp ';' {
+        auto* s = new ReturnStmtNode();
+        s->expr = ASTPtr($2);
+        s->lineno = @1.first_line;
+        $$ = s;
+    }
+    ;
+
+/* Expressions */
+
+/* Exp relaxed to LOrExp */
+Exp : LOrExp { $$ = $1; } ;
+
+Cond : LOrExp { $$ = $1; } ;
+
+ConstExp : AddExp { $$ = $1; } ;
+
+LVal
+    : IDENT ArrayIndices {
+        auto* lv = new LValNode();
+        lv->name = $1; free($1);
+        lv->indices = std::move(*$2); delete $2;
+        lv->lineno = @1.first_line;
+        $$ = lv;
+    }
+    ;
+
+ArrayIndices
+    : /* empty */ { $$ = new ASTList(); }
+    | ArrayIndices '[' Exp ']' {
+        $1->push_back(ASTPtr($3));
+        $$ = $1;
+    }
+    ;
+
+PrimaryExp
+    : '(' Exp ')' { $$ = $2; }
+    | LVal        { $$ = $1; }
+    | Number      { $$ = $1; }
+    ;
+
+Number
+    : INT_CONST {
+        auto* n = new IntLiteralNode();
+        n->value = $1;
+        n->lineno = @1.first_line;
+        $$ = n;
+    }
+    | FLOAT_CONST {
+        auto* n = new FloatLiteralNode();
+        n->value = $1;
+        n->lineno = @1.first_line;
+        $$ = n;
+    }
+    ;
+
+UnaryExp
+    : PrimaryExp { $$ = $1; }
+    | IDENT '(' ')' {
+        auto* c = new FuncCallNode();
+        c->name = $1; free($1);
+        c->lineno = @1.first_line;
+        $$ = c;
+    }
+    | IDENT '(' FuncRParams ')' {
+        auto* c = new FuncCallNode();
+        c->name = $1; free($1);
+        c->args = std::move(*$3); delete $3;
+        c->lineno = @1.first_line;
+        $$ = c;
+    }
+    | '+' UnaryExp {
+        auto* u = new UnaryExprNode();
+        u->op = UnaryOp::Pos;
+        u->operand = ASTPtr($2);
+        u->lineno = @1.first_line;
+        $$ = u;
+    }
+    | '-' UnaryExp {
+        auto* u = new UnaryExprNode();
+        u->op = UnaryOp::Neg;
+        u->operand = ASTPtr($2);
+        u->lineno = @1.first_line;
+        $$ = u;
+    }
+    | '!' UnaryExp {
+        auto* u = new UnaryExprNode();
+        u->op = UnaryOp::Not;
+        u->operand = ASTPtr($2);
+        u->lineno = @1.first_line;
+        $$ = u;
+    }
+    ;
+
+FuncRParams
+    : Exp {
+        $$ = new ASTList();
+        $$->push_back(ASTPtr($1));
+    }
+    | FuncRParams ',' Exp {
+        $1->push_back(ASTPtr($3));
+        $$ = $1;
+    }
+    /* putf format string parameter */
+    | STRING_CONST {
+        $$ = new ASTList();
+        auto* n = new IntLiteralNode();  /* placeholder */
+        n->value = 0;
+        $$->push_back(ASTPtr(static_cast<ASTNode*>(n)));
+        free($1);
+    }
+    | FuncRParams ',' STRING_CONST {
+        free($3);
+        $$ = $1;
+    }
+    ;
+
+MulExp
+    : UnaryExp { $$ = $1; }
+    | MulExp '*' UnaryExp {
+        auto* e = new BinaryExprNode(); e->op = BinOp::Mul;
+        e->lhs = ASTPtr($1); e->rhs = ASTPtr($3);
+        e->lineno = @2.first_line; $$ = e;
+    }
+    | MulExp '/' UnaryExp {
+        auto* e = new BinaryExprNode(); e->op = BinOp::Div;
+        e->lhs = ASTPtr($1); e->rhs = ASTPtr($3);
+        e->lineno = @2.first_line; $$ = e;
+    }
+    | MulExp '%' UnaryExp {
+        auto* e = new BinaryExprNode(); e->op = BinOp::Mod;
+        e->lhs = ASTPtr($1); e->rhs = ASTPtr($3);
+        e->lineno = @2.first_line; $$ = e;
+    }
+    ;
+
+AddExp
+    : MulExp { $$ = $1; }
+    | AddExp '+' MulExp {
+        auto* e = new BinaryExprNode(); e->op = BinOp::Add;
+        e->lhs = ASTPtr($1); e->rhs = ASTPtr($3);
+        e->lineno = @2.first_line; $$ = e;
+    }
+    | AddExp '-' MulExp {
+        auto* e = new BinaryExprNode(); e->op = BinOp::Sub;
+        e->lhs = ASTPtr($1); e->rhs = ASTPtr($3);
+        e->lineno = @2.first_line; $$ = e;
+    }
+    ;
+
+RelExp
+    : AddExp { $$ = $1; }
+    | RelExp '<' AddExp {
+        auto* e = new BinaryExprNode(); e->op = BinOp::Lt;
+        e->lhs = ASTPtr($1); e->rhs = ASTPtr($3);
+        e->lineno = @2.first_line; $$ = e;
+    }
+    | RelExp '>' AddExp {
+        auto* e = new BinaryExprNode(); e->op = BinOp::Gt;
+        e->lhs = ASTPtr($1); e->rhs = ASTPtr($3);
+        e->lineno = @2.first_line; $$ = e;
+    }
+    | RelExp T_LE AddExp {
+        auto* e = new BinaryExprNode(); e->op = BinOp::Le;
+        e->lhs = ASTPtr($1); e->rhs = ASTPtr($3);
+        e->lineno = @2.first_line; $$ = e;
+    }
+    | RelExp T_GE AddExp {
+        auto* e = new BinaryExprNode(); e->op = BinOp::Ge;
+        e->lhs = ASTPtr($1); e->rhs = ASTPtr($3);
+        e->lineno = @2.first_line; $$ = e;
+    }
+    ;
+
+EqExp
+    : RelExp { $$ = $1; }
+    | EqExp T_EQ RelExp {
+        auto* e = new BinaryExprNode(); e->op = BinOp::Eq;
+        e->lhs = ASTPtr($1); e->rhs = ASTPtr($3);
+        e->lineno = @2.first_line; $$ = e;
+    }
+    | EqExp T_NE RelExp {
+        auto* e = new BinaryExprNode(); e->op = BinOp::Ne;
+        e->lhs = ASTPtr($1); e->rhs = ASTPtr($3);
+        e->lineno = @2.first_line; $$ = e;
+    }
+    ;
+
+LAndExp
+    : EqExp { $$ = $1; }
+    | LAndExp T_AND EqExp {
+        auto* e = new BinaryExprNode(); e->op = BinOp::And;
+        e->lhs = ASTPtr($1); e->rhs = ASTPtr($3);
+        e->lineno = @2.first_line; $$ = e;
+    }
+    ;
+
+LOrExp
+    : LAndExp { $$ = $1; }
+    | LOrExp T_OR LAndExp {
+        auto* e = new BinaryExprNode(); e->op = BinOp::Or;
+        e->lhs = ASTPtr($1); e->rhs = ASTPtr($3);
+        e->lineno = @2.first_line; $$ = e;
+    }
+    ;
+
+%%
+
+/* Global Variables and Error Handling */
+CompUnitNode* g_ast_root = nullptr;
+
+void yyerror(const char* msg) {
+    fprintf(stderr, "rcc: parse error (line %d): %s\n", yylineno_val, msg);
+}