Establish a well-structured modern C++ project architecture

Focus on code quality: Treat strict warnings as errors, memory checks with Sanitizers, Clang formatting and static analysis
Performance optimization: LTO, ccache

24 files changed, 1395 insertions, 159 deletions

diff --git a/.clang-format b/.clang-format
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c49e66b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.clang-format
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+---
+Language: Cpp
+BasedOnStyle: Mozilla
+ColumnLimit: 116
+SpacesInParentheses: true
+AlwaysBreakAfterReturnType: None
+AlwaysBreakAfterDefinitionReturnType: None
+SpaceBeforeCpp11BracedList: true
+BreakBeforeBinaryOperators: All
+Cpp11BracedListStyle: true
+AllowShortBlocksOnASingleLine: Always
+BreakBeforeBraces: Custom
+BraceWrapping:
+  AfterClass: true
+  AfterControlStatement: Never
+  AfterFunction: true
+  AfterStruct: true
+  AfterEnum: true
+  SplitEmptyFunction: false
+  SplitEmptyRecord: false
+  SplitEmptyNamespace: false
+PackConstructorInitializers: NextLine
+...
diff --git a/.clang-tidy b/.clang-tidy
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c1d3e9f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.clang-tidy
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+Checks:
+   '*,-altera-*,-llvmlibc-*,-google-build-using-namespace,-modernize-use-trailing-return-type,-readability-implicit-bool-conversion,-*-non-private-member-variables-in-classes,-modernize-use-nodiscard,-*-magic-numbers,-readability-identifier-length,-concurrency-mt-unsafe,-llvm-header-guard,-fuchsia-default-arguments-calls,-fuchsia-default-arguments-declarations,-fuchsia-overloaded-operator,-android-cloexec-accept,-cppcoreguidelines-pro-type-vararg,-hicpp-vararg,-hicpp-signed-bitwise,-misc-include-cleaner,-readability-redundant-member-init,-boost-use-ranges,-portability-template-virtual-member-function'
+
+WarningsAsErrors:
+   '*'
+
+CheckOptions:
+   hicpp-special-member-functions.AllowSoleDefaultDtor: true
+   cppcoreguidelines-special-member-functions.AllowSoleDefaultDtor: true
diff --git a/CMakeLists.txt b/CMakeLists.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c001585
--- /dev/null
+++ b/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+cmake_minimum_required(VERSION 3.24.2)
+
+project(RayTracer LANGUAGES CXX)
+
+set(CMAKE_CXX_STANDARD_REQUIRED True)
+
+if(${CMAKE_GENERATOR} STREQUAL "Unix Makefiles")
+  set(CMAKE_MAKE_PROGRAM "${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/scripts/make-parallel.sh" CACHE STRING "" FORCE)
+endif()
+
+if(${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR} STREQUAL ${CMAKE_BINARY_DIR})
+  message(FATAL_ERROR "RayTracer must be built outside its source directory, e.g. `cmake -B build`.")
+endif()
+
+# Default is set to Release if not specified
+include(${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/etc/build_type.cmake)
+
+# Enable LTO 
+include(${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/etc/lto.cmake)
+
+# Enable ccache
+include(${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/etc/ccache.cmake)
+
+
+# strict compile warnings
+include(${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/etc/cflags.cmake)
+
+#  clang-format clang-tidy
+
+include(${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/etc/scanners.cmake)
+
+# ctest
+# include(${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/etc/ctest.cmake)
+
+# License
+install(FILES LICENSE DESTINATION .)
+
+add_subdirectory("${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/src")
+add_subdirectory("${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/apps")
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/LICENSE b/LICENSE
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f288702
--- /dev/null
+++ b/LICENSE
@@ -0,0 +1,674 @@
+                    GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE
+                       Version 3, 29 June 2007
+
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+receiving the covered work authorizing them to use, propagate, modify
+or convey a specific copy of the covered work, then the patent license
+you grant is automatically extended to all recipients of the covered
+work and works based on it.
+
+  A patent license is "discriminatory" if it does not include within
+the scope of its coverage, prohibits the exercise of, or is
+conditioned on the non-exercise of one or more of the rights that are
+specifically granted under this License.  You may not convey a covered
+work if you are a party to an arrangement with a third party that is
+in the business of distributing software, under which you make payment
+to the third party based on the extent of your activity of conveying
+the work, and under which the third party grants, to any of the
+parties who would receive the covered work from you, a discriminatory
+patent license (a) in connection with copies of the covered work
+conveyed by you (or copies made from those copies), or (b) primarily
+for and in connection with specific products or compilations that
+contain the covered work, unless you entered into that arrangement,
+or that patent license was granted, prior to 28 March 2007.
+
+  Nothing in this License shall be construed as excluding or limiting
+any implied license or other defenses to infringement that may
+otherwise be available to you under applicable patent law.
+
+  12. No Surrender of Others' Freedom.
+
+  If conditions are imposed on you (whether by court order, agreement or
+otherwise) that contradict the conditions of this License, they do not
+excuse you from the conditions of this License.  If you cannot convey a
+covered work so as to satisfy simultaneously your obligations under this
+License and any other pertinent obligations, then as a consequence you may
+not convey it at all.  For example, if you agree to terms that obligate you
+to collect a royalty for further conveying from those to whom you convey
+the Program, the only way you could satisfy both those terms and this
+License would be to refrain entirely from conveying the Program.
+
+  13. Use with the GNU Affero General Public License.
+
+  Notwithstanding any other provision of this License, you have
+permission to link or combine any covered work with a work licensed
+under version 3 of the GNU Affero General Public License into a single
+combined work, and to convey the resulting work.  The terms of this
+License will continue to apply to the part which is the covered work,
+but the special requirements of the GNU Affero General Public License,
+section 13, concerning interaction through a network will apply to the
+combination as such.
+
+  14. Revised Versions of this License.
+
+  The Free Software Foundation may publish revised and/or new versions of
+the GNU General Public License from time to time.  Such new versions will
+be similar in spirit to the present version, but may differ in detail to
+address new problems or concerns.
+
+  Each version is given a distinguishing version number.  If the
+Program specifies that a certain numbered version of the GNU General
+Public License "or any later version" applies to it, you have the
+option of following the terms and conditions either of that numbered
+version or of any later version published by the Free Software
+Foundation.  If the Program does not specify a version number of the
+GNU General Public License, you may choose any version ever published
+by the Free Software Foundation.
+
+  If the Program specifies that a proxy can decide which future
+versions of the GNU General Public License can be used, that proxy's
+public statement of acceptance of a version permanently authorizes you
+to choose that version for the Program.
+
+  Later license versions may give you additional or different
+permissions.  However, no additional obligations are imposed on any
+author or copyright holder as a result of your choosing to follow a
+later version.
+
+  15. Disclaimer of Warranty.
+
+  THERE IS NO WARRANTY FOR THE PROGRAM, TO THE EXTENT PERMITTED BY
+APPLICABLE LAW.  EXCEPT WHEN OTHERWISE STATED IN WRITING THE COPYRIGHT
+HOLDERS AND/OR OTHER PARTIES PROVIDE THE PROGRAM "AS IS" WITHOUT WARRANTY
+OF ANY KIND, EITHER EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO,
+THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR
+PURPOSE.  THE ENTIRE RISK AS TO THE QUALITY AND PERFORMANCE OF THE PROGRAM
+IS WITH YOU.  SHOULD THE PROGRAM PROVE DEFECTIVE, YOU ASSUME THE COST OF
+ALL NECESSARY SERVICING, REPAIR OR CORRECTION.
+
+  16. Limitation of Liability.
+
+  IN NO EVENT UNLESS REQUIRED BY APPLICABLE LAW OR AGREED TO IN WRITING
+WILL ANY COPYRIGHT HOLDER, OR ANY OTHER PARTY WHO MODIFIES AND/OR CONVEYS
+THE PROGRAM AS PERMITTED ABOVE, BE LIABLE TO YOU FOR DAMAGES, INCLUDING ANY
+GENERAL, SPECIAL, INCIDENTAL OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES ARISING OUT OF THE
+USE OR INABILITY TO USE THE PROGRAM (INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO LOSS OF
+DATA OR DATA BEING RENDERED INACCURATE OR LOSSES SUSTAINED BY YOU OR THIRD
+PARTIES OR A FAILURE OF THE PROGRAM TO OPERATE WITH ANY OTHER PROGRAMS),
+EVEN IF SUCH HOLDER OR OTHER PARTY HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
+SUCH DAMAGES.
+
+  17. Interpretation of Sections 15 and 16.
+
+  If the disclaimer of warranty and limitation of liability provided
+above cannot be given local legal effect according to their terms,
+reviewing courts shall apply local law that most closely approximates
+an absolute waiver of all civil liability in connection with the
+Program, unless a warranty or assumption of liability accompanies a
+copy of the Program in return for a fee.
+
+                     END OF TERMS AND CONDITIONS
+
+            How to Apply These Terms to Your New Programs
+
+  If you develop a new program, and you want it to be of the greatest
+possible use to the public, the best way to achieve this is to make it
+free software which everyone can redistribute and change under these terms.
+
+  To do so, attach the following notices to the program.  It is safest
+to attach them to the start of each source file to most effectively
+state the exclusion of warranty; and each file should have at least
+the "copyright" line and a pointer to where the full notice is found.
+
+    <one line to give the program's name and a brief idea of what it does.>
+    Copyright (C) <year>  <name of author>
+
+    This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+    it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+    the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+    (at your option) any later version.
+
+    This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+    but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+    MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+    GNU General Public License for more details.
+
+    You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+    along with this program.  If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+Also add information on how to contact you by electronic and paper mail.
+
+  If the program does terminal interaction, make it output a short
+notice like this when it starts in an interactive mode:
+
+    <program>  Copyright (C) <year>  <name of author>
+    This program comes with ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY; for details type `show w'.
+    This is free software, and you are welcome to redistribute it
+    under certain conditions; type `show c' for details.
+
+The hypothetical commands `show w' and `show c' should show the appropriate
+parts of the General Public License.  Of course, your program's commands
+might be different; for a GUI interface, you would use an "about box".
+
+  You should also get your employer (if you work as a programmer) or school,
+if any, to sign a "copyright disclaimer" for the program, if necessary.
+For more information on this, and how to apply and follow the GNU GPL, see
+<https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+  The GNU General Public License does not permit incorporating your program
+into proprietary programs.  If your program is a subroutine library, you
+may consider it more useful to permit linking proprietary applications with
+the library.  If this is what you want to do, use the GNU Lesser General
+Public License instead of this License.  But first, please read
+<https://www.gnu.org/licenses/why-not-lgpl.html>.
diff --git a/Makefile b/Makefile
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8809176
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Makefile
@@ -0,0 +1,249 @@
+# CMAKE generated file: DO NOT EDIT!
+# Generated by "Unix Makefiles" Generator, CMake Version 3.28
+
+# Default target executed when no arguments are given to make.
+default_target: all
+.PHONY : default_target
+
+# Allow only one "make -f Makefile2" at a time, but pass parallelism.
+.NOTPARALLEL:
+
+#=============================================================================
+# Special targets provided by cmake.
+
+# Disable implicit rules so canonical targets will work.
+.SUFFIXES:
+
+# Disable VCS-based implicit rules.
+% : %,v
+
+# Disable VCS-based implicit rules.
+% : RCS/%
+
+# Disable VCS-based implicit rules.
+% : RCS/%,v
+
+# Disable VCS-based implicit rules.
+% : SCCS/s.%
+
+# Disable VCS-based implicit rules.
+% : s.%
+
+.SUFFIXES: .hpux_make_needs_suffix_list
+
+# Command-line flag to silence nested $(MAKE).
+$(VERBOSE)MAKESILENT = -s
+
+#Suppress display of executed commands.
+$(VERBOSE).SILENT:
+
+# A target that is always out of date.
+cmake_force:
+.PHONY : cmake_force
+
+#=============================================================================
+# Set environment variables for the build.
+
+# The shell in which to execute make rules.
+SHELL = /bin/sh
+
+# The CMake executable.
+CMAKE_COMMAND = /usr/bin/cmake
+
+# The command to remove a file.
+RM = /usr/bin/cmake -E rm -f
+
+# Escaping for special characters.
+EQUALS = =
+
+# The top-level source directory on which CMake was run.
+CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR = /home/richard/code/ray-tracing
+
+# The top-level build directory on which CMake was run.
+CMAKE_BINARY_DIR = /home/richard/code/ray-tracing
+
+#=============================================================================
+# Targets provided globally by CMake.
+
+# Special rule for the target edit_cache
+edit_cache:
+	@$(CMAKE_COMMAND) -E cmake_echo_color "--switch=$(COLOR)" --cyan "No interactive CMake dialog available..."
+	/usr/bin/cmake -E echo No\ interactive\ CMake\ dialog\ available.
+.PHONY : edit_cache
+
+# Special rule for the target edit_cache
+edit_cache/fast: edit_cache
+.PHONY : edit_cache/fast
+
+# Special rule for the target rebuild_cache
+rebuild_cache:
+	@$(CMAKE_COMMAND) -E cmake_echo_color "--switch=$(COLOR)" --cyan "Running CMake to regenerate build system..."
+	/usr/bin/cmake --regenerate-during-build -S$(CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR) -B$(CMAKE_BINARY_DIR)
+.PHONY : rebuild_cache
+
+# Special rule for the target rebuild_cache
+rebuild_cache/fast: rebuild_cache
+.PHONY : rebuild_cache/fast
+
+# The main all target
+all: cmake_check_build_system
+	$(CMAKE_COMMAND) -E cmake_progress_start /home/richard/code/ray-tracing/CMakeFiles /home/richard/code/ray-tracing//CMakeFiles/progress.marks
+	$(MAKE) $(MAKESILENT) -f CMakeFiles/Makefile2 all
+	$(CMAKE_COMMAND) -E cmake_progress_start /home/richard/code/ray-tracing/CMakeFiles 0
+.PHONY : all
+
+# The main clean target
+clean:
+	$(MAKE) $(MAKESILENT) -f CMakeFiles/Makefile2 clean
+.PHONY : clean
+
+# The main clean target
+clean/fast: clean
+.PHONY : clean/fast
+
+# Prepare targets for installation.
+preinstall: all
+	$(MAKE) $(MAKESILENT) -f CMakeFiles/Makefile2 preinstall
+.PHONY : preinstall
+
+# Prepare targets for installation.
+preinstall/fast:
+	$(MAKE) $(MAKESILENT) -f CMakeFiles/Makefile2 preinstall
+.PHONY : preinstall/fast
+
+# clear depends
+depend:
+	$(CMAKE_COMMAND) -S$(CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR) -B$(CMAKE_BINARY_DIR) --check-build-system CMakeFiles/Makefile.cmake 1
+.PHONY : depend
+
+#=============================================================================
+# Target rules for targets named format
+
+# Build rule for target.
+format: cmake_check_build_system
+	$(MAKE) $(MAKESILENT) -f CMakeFiles/Makefile2 format
+.PHONY : format
+
+# fast build rule for target.
+format/fast:
+	$(MAKE) $(MAKESILENT) -f CMakeFiles/format.dir/build.make CMakeFiles/format.dir/build
+.PHONY : format/fast
+
+#=============================================================================
+# Target rules for targets named RayTracer
+
+# Build rule for target.
+RayTracer: cmake_check_build_system
+	$(MAKE) $(MAKESILENT) -f CMakeFiles/Makefile2 RayTracer
+.PHONY : RayTracer
+
+# fast build rule for target.
+RayTracer/fast:
+	$(MAKE) $(MAKESILENT) -f CMakeFiles/RayTracer.dir/build.make CMakeFiles/RayTracer.dir/build
+.PHONY : RayTracer/fast
+
+src/color.o: src/color.cc.o
+.PHONY : src/color.o
+
+# target to build an object file
+src/color.cc.o:
+	$(MAKE) $(MAKESILENT) -f CMakeFiles/RayTracer.dir/build.make CMakeFiles/RayTracer.dir/src/color.cc.o
+.PHONY : src/color.cc.o
+
+src/color.i: src/color.cc.i
+.PHONY : src/color.i
+
+# target to preprocess a source file
+src/color.cc.i:
+	$(MAKE) $(MAKESILENT) -f CMakeFiles/RayTracer.dir/build.make CMakeFiles/RayTracer.dir/src/color.cc.i
+.PHONY : src/color.cc.i
+
+src/color.s: src/color.cc.s
+.PHONY : src/color.s
+
+# target to generate assembly for a file
+src/color.cc.s:
+	$(MAKE) $(MAKESILENT) -f CMakeFiles/RayTracer.dir/build.make CMakeFiles/RayTracer.dir/src/color.cc.s
+.PHONY : src/color.cc.s
+
+src/main.o: src/main.cc.o
+.PHONY : src/main.o
+
+# target to build an object file
+src/main.cc.o:
+	$(MAKE) $(MAKESILENT) -f CMakeFiles/RayTracer.dir/build.make CMakeFiles/RayTracer.dir/src/main.cc.o
+.PHONY : src/main.cc.o
+
+src/main.i: src/main.cc.i
+.PHONY : src/main.i
+
+# target to preprocess a source file
+src/main.cc.i:
+	$(MAKE) $(MAKESILENT) -f CMakeFiles/RayTracer.dir/build.make CMakeFiles/RayTracer.dir/src/main.cc.i
+.PHONY : src/main.cc.i
+
+src/main.s: src/main.cc.s
+.PHONY : src/main.s
+
+# target to generate assembly for a file
+src/main.cc.s:
+	$(MAKE) $(MAKESILENT) -f CMakeFiles/RayTracer.dir/build.make CMakeFiles/RayTracer.dir/src/main.cc.s
+.PHONY : src/main.cc.s
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+.PHONY : src/vec3.o
+
+# target to build an object file
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+	$(MAKE) $(MAKESILENT) -f CMakeFiles/RayTracer.dir/build.make CMakeFiles/RayTracer.dir/src/vec3.cc.o
+.PHONY : src/vec3.cc.o
+
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+.PHONY : src/vec3.i
+
+# target to preprocess a source file
+src/vec3.cc.i:
+	$(MAKE) $(MAKESILENT) -f CMakeFiles/RayTracer.dir/build.make CMakeFiles/RayTracer.dir/src/vec3.cc.i
+.PHONY : src/vec3.cc.i
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+src/vec3.s: src/vec3.cc.s
+.PHONY : src/vec3.s
+
+# target to generate assembly for a file
+src/vec3.cc.s:
+	$(MAKE) $(MAKESILENT) -f CMakeFiles/RayTracer.dir/build.make CMakeFiles/RayTracer.dir/src/vec3.cc.s
+.PHONY : src/vec3.cc.s
+
+# Help Target
+help:
+	@echo "The following are some of the valid targets for this Makefile:"
+	@echo "... all (the default if no target is provided)"
+	@echo "... clean"
+	@echo "... depend"
+	@echo "... edit_cache"
+	@echo "... rebuild_cache"
+	@echo "... format"
+	@echo "... RayTracer"
+	@echo "... src/color.o"
+	@echo "... src/color.i"
+	@echo "... src/color.s"
+	@echo "... src/main.o"
+	@echo "... src/main.i"
+	@echo "... src/main.s"
+	@echo "... src/vec3.o"
+	@echo "... src/vec3.i"
+	@echo "... src/vec3.s"
+.PHONY : help
+
+
+
+#=============================================================================
+# Special targets to cleanup operation of make.
+
+# Special rule to run CMake to check the build system integrity.
+# No rule that depends on this can have commands that come from listfiles
+# because they might be regenerated.
+cmake_check_build_system:
+	$(CMAKE_COMMAND) -S$(CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR) -B$(CMAKE_BINARY_DIR) --check-build-system CMakeFiles/Makefile.cmake 0
+.PHONY : cmake_check_build_system
+
diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index 4e768b5..71f3ff5 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -1 +1,44 @@
-# 
\ No newline at end of file
+# Ray Tracer
+
+Inspired by the book _Ray Tracing in One Weekend_, I'd like to write this project using modern C++ (C++ 23) and attempt to use high-performance approaches.
+
+## Build & Run
+
+Make Sure your build system is properly set up:
+```bash
+cmake -S . -B build
+```
+
+Configure for Release:
+```bash
+# Release mode
+cmake -B build -DCMAKE_BUILD_TYPE=Release
+#Debug mode
+cmake -B build -DCMAKE_BUILD_TYPE=Debug
+```
+
+Compile the source code:
+```bash
+cmake --build build
+```
+
+To normalize the coding style
+```bash
+cmake --build build --target format
+```
+
+Suggests improvements to follow good C++ programming practices:
+```bash
+cmake --build build --target tidy
+cmake --build build --target tidy-all
+```
+
+Run the program
+```bash
+./build/apps/RayTracer > images/image.ppm
+display images/image.ppm
+```
+
+## License
+This project is licensed under the **GNU General Public License v3.0**. 
+See the [LICENSE](LICENSE) file for the full text.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/apps/CMakeLists.txt b/apps/CMakeLists.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..af2d213
--- /dev/null
+++ b/apps/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+add_executable(RayTracer main.cc)
+
+target_link_libraries(RayTracer PRIVATE RayTracerCore)
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/apps/main.cc b/apps/main.cc
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b0b3aa4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/apps/main.cc
@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2026 Richard
+ *
+ * This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ * it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+ * the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+ * (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+ * GNU General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+ * along with this program.  If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+ */
+#include "color.h"
+#include "vec3.h"
+
+#include <iostream>
+
+int main()
+{
+  // Image
+
+  const int image_width = 256;
+  const int image_height = 256;
+
+  // Render
+
+  std::cout << "P3\n" << image_width << " " << image_height << "\n255\n";
+  for ( int j = 0; j < image_height; j++ ) {
+    std::clog << "\rScanlines remaining: " << ( image_height - j ) << ' ' << std::flush;
+    for ( int i = 0; i < image_width; i++ ) {
+      auto pixel_color = color(
+        static_cast<double>( i ) / ( image_width - 1 ), static_cast<double>( j ) / ( image_height - 1 ), 0 );
+      write_color( std::cout, pixel_color );
+    }
+  }
+  std::clog << "\rDone.                 \n";
+  return 0;
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/color.cc b/color.cc
deleted file mode 100644
index c1eac72..0000000
--- a/color.cc
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,15 +0,0 @@
-#include "color.h"
-
-void write_color(std::ostream &out, const color &pixel_color){
-    auto r = pixel_color.x();
-    auto g = pixel_color.y();
-    auto b = pixel_color.z();
-
-    // Translate the [0,1] component values to the byte range [0,255].
-    int rbyte = int(255.999 * r);
-    int gbyte = int(255.999 * g);
-    int bbyte = int(255.999 * b);
-
-    // Write out the pixel color components.
-    out << rbyte << ' ' << gbyte << ' ' << bbyte << '\n';
-}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/color.h b/color.h
deleted file mode 100644
index 23359aa..0000000
--- a/color.h
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,12 +0,0 @@
-#ifndef COLOR_H
-#define COLOR_H
-
-#include "vec3.h"
-
-#include <iostream>
-
-using color = vec3;
-
-void write_color(std::ostream &out, const color &pixel_color);
-
-#endif
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/etc/build_type.cmake b/etc/build_type.cmake
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..69d019f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/etc/build_type.cmake
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+set(default_build_type "Debug")
+
+if (NOT (CMAKE_BUILD_TYPE_SHADOW STREQUAL CMAKE_BUILD_TYPE))
+    if (NOT CMAKE_BUILD_TYPE AND NOT CMAKE_CONFIGURATION_TYPES)
+        message (STATUS "Setting build type to '${default_build_type}'")
+        set (CMAKE_BUILD_TYPE "${default_build_type}" CACHE STRING "Choose the type of build." FORCE)
+    endif ()
+    set (CMAKE_BUILD_TYPE_SHADOW ${CMAKE_BUILD_TYPE} CACHE STRING "used to detect changes in build type" FORCE)
+endif ()
+
+message (STATUS "Building in '${CMAKE_BUILD_TYPE}' mode.")
diff --git a/etc/ccache.cmake b/etc/ccache.cmake
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..aeceb8e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/etc/ccache.cmake
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+find_program(CCACHE_PROGRAM ccache)
+if(CCACHE_PROGRAM)
+    set(CMAKE_CXX_COMPILER_LAUNCHER "${CCACHE_PROGRAM}")
+    message(STATUS "Found ccache: ${CCACHE_PROGRAM} - Compilation will be cached.")
+endif()
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/etc/cflags.cmake b/etc/cflags.cmake
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ac08601
--- /dev/null
+++ b/etc/cflags.cmake
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+set (CMAKE_CXX_STANDARD 23)
+set (CMAKE_EXPORT_COMPILE_COMMANDS ON)
+
+set(SANITIZING_FLAGS -fno-sanitize-recover=all -fsanitize=undefined -fsanitize=address)
+
+# ask for more warnings from the compiler
+set (CMAKE_BASE_CXX_FLAGS "${CMAKE_CXX_FLAGS}")
+set (CMAKE_CXX_FLAGS "${CMAKE_CXX_FLAGS} -Wall -Wpedantic -Wextra -Weffc++ -Werror -Wshadow -Wpointer-arith -Wcast-qual -Wformat=2 -Wno-unqualified-std-cast-call -Wno-non-virtual-dtor")
+
+# Sanitizers
+if(CMAKE_BUILD_TYPE STREQUAL "Debug")
+    message(STATUS "Enabling Address and Undefined Behavior Sanitizers")
+    set(SANITIZING_FLAGS "-fno-sanitize-recover=all -fsanitize=address -fsanitize=undefined -fno-omit-frame-pointer")
+    set(CMAKE_CXX_FLAGS_DEBUG "${CMAKE_CXX_FLAGS_DEBUG} ${SANITIZING_FLAGS} -g -O0")
+    set(CMAKE_EXE_LINKER_FLAGS_DEBUG "${CMAKE_EXE_LINKER_FLAGS_DEBUG} ${SANITIZING_FLAGS}")
+endif()
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/etc/lto.cmake b/etc/lto.cmake
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..517ec14
--- /dev/null
+++ b/etc/lto.cmake
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+include(CheckIPOSupported)
+check_ipo_supported(RESULT ipo_supported OUTPUT error)
+if(ipo_supported)
+    message(STATUS "IPO / LTO supported and enabled.")
+    set(CMAKE_INTERPROCEDURAL_OPTIMIZATION TRUE)
+else()
+    message(STATUS "IPO / LTO not supported: <${error}>")
+endif()
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/etc/scanners.cmake b/etc/scanners.cmake
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0a86f19
--- /dev/null
+++ b/etc/scanners.cmake
@@ -0,0 +1,52 @@
+# file (GLOB_RECURSE RayTracer_CC_FILES ${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR}/src/*.cc)
+
+# file (GLOB_RECURSE ALL_SRC_FILES *.hh *.cc)
+
+# add_custom_target (format "clang-format" -i ${ALL_SRC_FILES} COMMENT "Formatting source code...")
+
+
+find_program(CLANG_FORMAT_EXE clang-format)
+if(CLANG_FORMAT_EXE)
+    file(GLOB_RECURSE ALL_FMT_FILES
+        "${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR}/src/*.cc"
+        "${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR}/src/*.cpp"
+        "${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR}/src/*.h"
+        "${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR}/src/*.hpp"
+        "${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR}/apps/*.cc"
+        "${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR}/apps/*.cpp"
+    )
+    
+    add_custom_target(format
+        COMMAND ${CLANG_FORMAT_EXE} -i -style=file ${ALL_FMT_FILES}
+        COMMENT "Formatting source code..."
+    )
+else()
+    message(WARNING "clang-format not found! 'format' target will be disabled.")
+endif()
+
+# clang-tidy
+# find_program(CLANG_TIDY_EXE clang-tidy)
+# if(CLANG_TIDY_EXE)
+#     message(STATUS "Clang-Tidy enabled: will run automatically during compilation.")
+#     set(CMAKE_CXX_CLANG_TIDY "${CLANG_TIDY_EXE}")
+# else()
+#     message(WARNING "clang-tidy not found! Static analysis will be disabled.")
+# endif()
+
+foreach (tidy_target ${ALL_SRC_FILES})
+  get_filename_component (basename ${tidy_target} NAME)
+  get_filename_component (dirname ${tidy_target} DIRECTORY)
+  get_filename_component (basedir ${dirname} NAME)
+  set (tidy_target_name "${basedir}__${basename}")
+  set (tidy_command clang-tidy --quiet -header-filter=.* -p=${PROJECT_BINARY_DIR} ${tidy_target})
+  add_custom_target (tidy_${tidy_target_name} ${tidy_command})
+  list (APPEND ALL_TIDY_TARGETS tidy_${tidy_target_name})
+
+  if (${tidy_target} IN_LIST RayTracer_CC_FILES)
+    list (APPEND RayTracer_TIDY_TARGETS tidy_${tidy_target_name})
+  endif ()
+endforeach (tidy_target)
+
+add_custom_target (tidy DEPENDS ${RayTracer_TIDY_TARGETS})
+
+add_custom_target (tidy-all DEPENDS ${ALL_TIDY_TARGETS})
diff --git a/image.ppm b/images/image.ppm
index e88ded1..e88ded1 100644
--- a/image.ppm
+++ b/images/image.ppm
diff --git a/main.cc b/main.cc
deleted file mode 100644
index e9d2e88..0000000
--- a/main.cc
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,25 +0,0 @@
-#include <iostream>
-#include "vec3.h"
-#include "color.h"
-
-int main() {
-    // Image
-
-    int image_width = 256;
-    int image_height = 256;
-
-    // Render
-
-    std::cout << "P3\n" << image_width << " " << image_height << "\n255\n";
-    for (int j = 0; j < image_height; j++)
-    {
-        std::clog << "\rScanlines remaining: " << (image_height - j) << ' ' << std::flush;
-        for (int i = 0; i < image_width; i++)
-        {
-            auto pixel_color = color(double(i) / (image_width - 1), double(j) / (image_height - 1), 0);
-            write_color(std::cout, pixel_color);
-        }
-    }
-    std::clog << "\rDone.                 \n";
-    return 0;
-}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/scripts/make-parallel.sh b/scripts/make-parallel.sh
new file mode 100755
index 0000000..879af9a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/scripts/make-parallel.sh
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+#!/bin/sh
+exec make -j`nproc` "$@"
diff --git a/src/CMakeLists.txt b/src/CMakeLists.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..167e18b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+set(LIB_SOURCES
+    vec3.cc
+    color.cc
+)
+
+add_library(RayTracerCore STATIC ${LIB_SOURCES})
+
+target_include_directories(RayTracerCore PUBLIC .)
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/src/color.cc b/src/color.cc
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9a458bc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/color.cc
@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2026 Richard
+ *
+ * This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ * it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+ * the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+ * (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+ * GNU General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+ * along with this program.  If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+ */
+#include "color.h"
+
+void write_color( std::ostream& out, const color& pixel_color )
+{
+  auto red = pixel_color.x();
+  auto green = pixel_color.y();
+  auto blue = pixel_color.z();
+
+  // Translate the [0,1] component values to the byte range [0,255].
+  const int rbyte = static_cast<int>( 255.999 * red );
+  const int gbyte = static_cast<int>( 255.999 * green );
+  const int bbyte = static_cast<int>( 255.999 * blue );
+
+  // Write out the pixel color components.
+  out << rbyte << ' ' << gbyte << ' ' << bbyte << '\n';
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/src/color.h b/src/color.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..43be7ff
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/color.h
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2026 Richard
+ *
+ * This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ * it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+ * the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+ * (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+ * GNU General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+ * along with this program.  If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+ */
+#ifndef COLOR_H
+#define COLOR_H
+
+#include "vec3.h"
+
+#include <iostream>
+
+using color = vec3;
+
+void write_color(std::ostream &out, const color &pixel_color);
+
+#endif
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/src/vec3.cc b/src/vec3.cc
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d01f90a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/vec3.cc
@@ -0,0 +1,132 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2026 Richard
+ *
+ * This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ * it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+ * the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+ * (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+ * GNU General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+ * along with this program.  If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+ */
+#include "vec3.h"
+
+double vec3::x() const
+{
+  return e[0];
+}
+double vec3::y() const
+{
+  return e[1];
+}
+double vec3::z() const
+{
+  return e[2];
+}
+
+vec3 vec3::operator-() const
+{
+  return { -e[0], -e[1], -e[2] };
+}
+
+double vec3::operator[]( int i ) const
+{
+  return e.at( i );
+}
+
+double& vec3::operator[]( int i )
+{
+  return e.at( i );
+}
+
+vec3& vec3::operator+=( const vec3& other )
+{
+  e[0] += other.e[0];
+  e[1] += other.e[1];
+  e[2] += other.e[2];
+  return *this;
+}
+
+vec3& vec3::operator*=( double t )
+{
+  e[0] *= t;
+  e[1] *= t;
+  e[2] *= t;
+  return *this;
+}
+
+vec3& vec3::operator/=( double t )
+{
+  return *this *= 1 / t;
+}
+
+double vec3::length() const
+{
+  return std::sqrt( length_squared() );
+}
+
+double vec3::length_squared() const
+{
+  return e[0] * e[0] + e[1] * e[1] + e[2] * e[2];
+}
+
+// point3 is just an alias for vec3, but useful for geometric clarity in the code.
+using point3 = vec3;
+
+// Vector Utility Functions
+
+inline std::ostream& operator<<( std::ostream& out, const vec3& v )
+{
+  return out << v.e[0] << ' ' << v.e[1] << ' ' << v.e[2];
+}
+
+inline vec3 operator+( const vec3& u, const vec3& v )
+{
+  return { u.e[0] + v.e[0], u.e[1] + v.e[1], u.e[2] + v.e[2] };
+}
+
+inline vec3 operator-( const vec3& u, const vec3& v )
+{
+  return { u.e[0] - v.e[0], u.e[1] - v.e[1], u.e[2] - v.e[2] };
+}
+
+inline vec3 operator*( const vec3& u, const vec3& v )
+{
+  return { u.e[0] * v.e[0], u.e[1] * v.e[1], u.e[2] * v.e[2] };
+}
+
+inline vec3 operator*( double t, const vec3& v )
+{
+  return { t * v.e[0], t * v.e[1], t * v.e[2] };
+}
+
+inline vec3 operator*( const vec3& v, double t )
+{
+  return t * v;
+}
+
+inline vec3 operator/( const vec3& v, double t )
+{
+  return ( 1 / t ) * v;
+}
+
+inline double dot( const vec3& u, const vec3& v )
+{
+  return u.e[0] * v.e[0] + u.e[1] * v.e[1] + u.e[2] * v.e[2];
+}
+
+inline vec3 cross( const vec3& u, const vec3& v )
+{
+  return {
+    u.e[1] * v.e[2] - u.e[2] * v.e[1], u.e[2] * v.e[0] - u.e[0] * v.e[2], u.e[0] * v.e[1] - u.e[1] * v.e[0] };
+}
+
+inline vec3 unit_vector( const vec3& v )
+{
+  return v / v.length();
+}
diff --git a/vec3.h b/src/vec3.h
index 5fe4adf..56490bc 100644
--- a/vec3.h
+++ b/src/vec3.h
@@ -1,12 +1,29 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2026 Richard
+ *
+ * This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ * it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+ * the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+ * (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+ * GNU General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+ * along with this program.  If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+ */
 #ifndef VEC_3
 #define VEC_3
 
+#include <array>
 #include <cmath>
 #include <iostream>
 
 class vec3{
   public:
-    double e[3];
+    std::array<double, 3> e;
 
     vec3() : e{0, 0, 0} {}
     vec3(double e0, double e1, double e2) : e{e0, e1, e2} {}
diff --git a/vec3.cc b/vec3.cc
deleted file mode 100644
index 38844c7..0000000
--- a/vec3.cc
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,105 +0,0 @@
-#include "vec3.h"
-
-double vec3::x() const { return e[0]; }
-double vec3::y() const { return e[1]; }
-double vec3::z() const { return e[2]; }
-
-vec3 vec3::operator-() const {
-    return vec3(-e[0], -e[1], -e[2]);
-}
-
-double vec3::operator[](int i) const{
-    return e[i];
-}
-
-double& vec3::operator[](int i){
-    return e[1];
-}
-
-vec3& vec3::operator+=(const vec3 &v)
-{
-    e[0] += v.e[0];
-    e[1] += v.e[1];
-    e[2] += v.e[2];
-    return *this;
-}
-
-vec3& vec3::operator*=(double t)
-{
-    e[0] *= t;
-    e[1] *= t;
-    e[2] *= t;
-    return *this;
-}
-
-vec3& vec3::operator/=(double t)
-{
-    return *this *= 1 / t;
-}
-
-double vec3::length() const
-{
-    return std::sqrt(length_squared());
-}
-
-double vec3::length_squared() const
-{
-    return e[0] * e[0] + e[1] * e[1] + e[2] * e[2];
-}
-
-// point3 is just an alias for vec3, but useful for geometric clarity in the code.
-using point3 = vec3;
-
-// Vector Utility Functions
-
-inline std::ostream &operator<<(std::ostream &out, const vec3 &v)
-{
-    return out << v.e[0] << ' ' << v.e[1] << ' ' << v.e[2];
-}
-
-inline vec3 operator+(const vec3 &u, const vec3 &v)
-{
-    return vec3(u.e[0] + v.e[0], u.e[1] + v.e[1], u.e[2] + v.e[2]);
-}
-
-inline vec3 operator-(const vec3 &u, const vec3 &v)
-{
-    return vec3(u.e[0] - v.e[0], u.e[1] - v.e[1], u.e[2] - v.e[2]);
-}
-
-inline vec3 operator*(const vec3 &u, const vec3 &v)
-{
-    return vec3(u.e[0] * v.e[0], u.e[1] * v.e[1], u.e[2] * v.e[2]);
-}
-
-inline vec3 operator*(double t, const vec3 &v)
-{
-    return vec3(t * v.e[0], t * v.e[1], t * v.e[2]);
-}
-
-inline vec3 operator*(const vec3 &v, double t)
-{
-    return t * v;
-}
-
-inline vec3 operator/(const vec3 &v, double t)
-{
-    return (1 / t) * v;
-}
-
-inline double dot(const vec3 &u, const vec3 &v)
-{
-    return u.e[0] * v.e[0] + u.e[1] * v.e[1] + u.e[2] * v.e[2];
-}
-
-inline vec3 cross(const vec3 &u, const vec3 &v)
-{
-    return vec3(u.e[1] * v.e[2] - u.e[2] * v.e[1],
-                u.e[2] * v.e[0] - u.e[0] * v.e[2],
-                u.e[0] * v.e[1] - u.e[1] * v.e[0]);
-}
-
-inline vec3 unit_vector(const vec3 &v)
-{
-    return v / v.length();
-}